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Moscow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the capital of Russia. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation).
Moscow
Москва (Russian)
— Federal city —

Top: St. Basil's Cathedral, Spasskaya Clocktower
Center: Kotelnicheskaya Embankment building, Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculpture
Bottom: Moscow International Business Center

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: My Moscow

Coordinates: 55°45′N 37°37′ECoordinates: 55°45′N 37°37′E
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Central[1]
Economic region Central[2]
Established Before 1147[3]
Federal city Day The first Saturday and Sunday of September[4]
Government (as of March 2010)
- Mayor[5] Sergey Sobyanin[5]
- Legislature City Duma[6]
Statistics
Area [7]
- Total 1,091 km2 (421.2 sq mi)
Area rank 83rd
Population (2010 Census)[8]
- Total 11,514,330
- Rank 1st
- Density 10,553.92 /km2 (27,334.5 /sq mi)
Population (2002 Census)
- Total 10,382,754
- Rank 1st
- Density 9,516.73 /km2 (24,648.2 /sq mi)
Time zone(s) MSD (UTC+04:00)[9]
ISO 3166-2 RU-MOW
License plates 77, 99, 97, 177, 199, 197
Official languages Russian[10]
http://www.mos.ru
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost city on Earth to have a population above 10,000,000, the most populous city in Europe, and the sixth largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 census, is 11,514,330.[11] Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow had 79 billionaires, displacing New York City as the city with the greatest number of billionaires.[12]
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
The city is served by an extensive transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railroad terminals, and one of the deepest underground tubes in the world, the Moscow Metro, second only to Tokyo in terms of ridership and recognised as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich and varied architecture of its 185 stations.
Over time, Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (Третий Рим), The Whitestone One (Белокаменная), The First Throne (Первопрестольная), The Forty Forties (Сорок Сороков). In old Russian the word "Сорок" (forty) also meant a church administrative district, which consisted of about forty churches.The demonym for a Moscow resident is Moskvitch, rendered in English as Muscovite.[13]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Geography and climate
2.1 Location
2.2 Time
2.3 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Population
3.2 Religion
4 Cityscape
4.1 Architecture
4.2 Parks and landmarks
4.3 Moscow Rings
5 Life and culture
5.1 Overview
5.2 Sport
5.3 Night life
6 Administrative divisions and government
6.1 Government
6.2 Administrative divisions
7 Economy
7.1 Overview
7.2 Industry
7.3 Living costs
8 Science and education
9 Transportation
9.1 Air
9.2 Water
9.3 Railway
9.4 Metro
9.5 Bus and trolleybus
9.6 Monorail
9.7 Tram
9.8 Taxi
9.9 Roads
10 Future development
11 Media
11.1 Newspapers
11.2 TV and radio
12 Famous people
13 International relations
13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
14 See also
15 References
15.1 Bibliography
15.2 Notes
16 External links
16.1 Official sites
[edit]History

See also: History of Moscow



Moscow (Russian Empire) in 1908
The city is named after the river (old Russian: гра́д Моско́в, literally "the city by the Moskva River"). The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Yuri Dolgorukiy called upon the prince of the Novgorod-Severski to "come to me, brother, to Moscow."[3]
Nine years later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy of Rostov ordered the construction of a wooden wall, the Kremlin, which had to be rebuilt multiple times, to surround the emerging city.[14] After the sacking of 1237–1238, when the Mongols burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and became the capital of the independent Vladimir-Suzdal principality in 1327.[15] Its favorable position on the headwaters of the Volga River contributed to steady expansion. Moscow developed into a stable and prosperous principality, known as Grand Duchy of Moscow, for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia.
Under Ivan I of Moscow the city replaced Tver as a political center of Vladimir-Suzdal and became the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol-Tatar rulers. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan. Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed intact to his eldest. Moscow's opposition against foreign domination grew. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo. The battle, however, was not decisive and only two years later Moscow was sacked by khan Tokhtamysh. Ivan III, in 1480, finally broke the Russians free from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the center of power in Russia.[16] Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia and other lands.
In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin.[17]


Kremlevskaya Naberezhnaya and Moscow skyline
In 1609, the Swedish army led by Count Jacob De la Gardie and Evert Horn started their march from Great Novgorod toward Moscow to help Tsar Vasili Shuiski, entered Moscow in 1610 and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but left it early in 1611, following which the Polish–Lithuanian army invaded. During the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski entered Moscow after defeating the Russians in the Battle of Klushino. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.[18] The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in 1712, after the founding of Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great near the Baltic coast in 1703. The Plague of 1771 was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming up to 100,000 lives in Moscow alone. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Muscovites burned the city and evacuated, as Napoleon’s forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon’s Grande Armée, plagued by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 died in the adventure and only a few tens of thousands of ravaged troops returned.[19]


French invasion of Russia in 1812, Fire of Moscow, painting of Smirnov A.F., 1813
In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first official mayor. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, on 12 March 1918[20] Moscow became the capital of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and of the Soviet Union less than five years later.[21] During World War II (the period from June 22, 1941, to May 9, 1945 known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War), after the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviet State Defense Committee and the General Staff of the Red Army was located in Moscow.


Red Square, painting of Fedor Alekseev, 1802
In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. That November, the German Army Group Center was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be under siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. Joseph Stalin refused to leave the city, meaning the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well. Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of Moscow's metro system continued through the war, and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened.


Map of Moscow, 1784
Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Therefore, total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.[22][23][24]
On 1 May 1944, a medal For the defense of Moscow and in 1947 another medal In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow were instituted. In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, on May 8, 1965, Moscow became one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the title of Hero City.
In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which was boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991, Moscow was the scene of the failed coup attempt by the government members opposed to the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev. When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital of Russia.
Since then, the emergence of a market economy in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. In 1998, it hosted the first World Youth Games.


A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867. Image with notes.
[edit]Geography and climate

[edit]Location


Satellite image of Moscow and suburbs
Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km through the East European Plain in central Russia. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. Elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Centre (VVC), where the head Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 m (512 ft). The highest point is Teplostanskaya highland at 255 m (837 ft).[25] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.7 km (32.1 mi).
Moscow's road system is centered roughly around the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally radiate outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").
The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th century city wall around that used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town).[15] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that goes from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior to the Yauza River. In addition, the Boulevard Ring changes street names numerous times throughout its journey across the city.
The second primary ring, located outside the bell end Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th century wall that used to encompass part of the city.[15] The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.
The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction to further reduce traffic congestion. The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Automobile Ring Road (often called the MKAD from the Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the approximate boundary of the city. Outside the city, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits.
[edit]Time
Main article: Moscow Time


Time zones of Europe
Moscow serves as the reference point for the timezone used in most of Central Russia, including Saint Petersburg. The areas operate in what is referred to as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК), which is 4 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+4. Daylight saving time is no longer observed.
Moscow Time (UTC+4)
[edit]Climate
Main article: Climate of Moscow
Moscow has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around 23 °C (73 °F), but during he
^ Shukshin, Andrei (2000-08-30). "Moscow TV Broadcasts Set to Resume After Fire". Reuters via The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ "Moscow Architecture Preservation Society". Maps-moscow.com. 2006-04-17. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Appetite for destruction". New Statesman. 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery оf the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade". Zagraevsky.com. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
^ "– Art of Russia>>The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)". Gif.ru. 2004-07-13. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ Close (2005-09-29). "Eastern blocks". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008]". Rferl.org. 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ a b c d e f (Russian) "СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ". Moscow government. Retrieved 2010-04-28.[dead link]
^ a b c d (Russian) Green dress of Moscow
^ (Russian) Neskuchniy Garden
^ (Russian) The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
^ UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also UNESCO's profile on this site.
^ "Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
^ "Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
^ a b "General Information". Moscow Zoo. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
^ See also: The Official Site of the Tretyakov Gallery Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
^ a b "About The State Tretyakov Gallery". The State Tretyakov Gallery. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum Retrieved on 2006-07-23. ((English) English version)
^ "The Museum Collections". Polytechnical Museum. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
^ See also: The official site of Borodino Panorama museum
^ See also: The Official Site of the State Central Concert Hall "Rossia". Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
^ See also: The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
^ "History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation". MosFilm. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
^ See also: The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema. Retrieved on 2006-07-22.
^ "The mood in Moscow". BBC News. 2005-07-03. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
^ "Russia grabs World Bandy Championship". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ "Federation of International Bandy-Latest-News-World Championship for Men i Moscow, 24–31 January 2010!!!". Internationalbandy.com. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome
^ "Go Magazine". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
^ "Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро" (in Russian). Metrinfo.ru. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.
^ Arkhipov, Ilya (2010-09-28). "Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
^ "Moscow Gross Regional Product". RosStat. 2010-03-03. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
^ "Russia GDP and PPP conversion rate". IMF Russia Economy. 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
^ a b "BOFIT Weekly 42/2010". Bank of Finland’s Institute for Economies in Transition. 2010-10-22. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27.
^ "Average monthly salaries". Federal Service on State Statistics. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
^ (Russian) Aleksandrov, Yuri (2005-12-11). "Новые лимитчики". New Times. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ "Russia’s billionaires hit by financial crisis". www.financemarkets.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
^ "Mexico’s Carlos Slim still tops Forbes’ richest list". March 9, 2011.
^ See also: The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery. Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.
^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.
^ See also: (Russian) The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom. Retrieved on 2006-07-07
^ US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times
^ (Russian) The absolute record of realty cost is broken
^ Humphries, Conor (2006-06-20). "Dividing the Spoils of the Boom". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2006-07-14.
^ (Russian) Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)
^ Sahadi, Jeanne (2006-06-23). "World's most expensive cities". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer.com. 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
^ World's most expensive cities – Buy a House: MLS Listings & Home Buying Tips – MSN Real Estate[dead link]
^ "MSU History". Moscow State University. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ Templeton, John Marks (1997-10-01). Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings. p. 99. ISBN 1-890151-02-5.
^ "The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation". Eng.mon.gov.ru. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
^ Fedorov, I.B.. "General (English)". МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ "International Relations". международная деятельность МГТУ (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ See also: The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
^ " "Facts and Figures". MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations). Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ "Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI)". International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
^ See also: The official homepage of the Russian State Library
^ (Russian) "Краткая статистическая справка". Russian State Library. 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
^ "Stacks". The Russian State Library. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
^ (Russian) Official site of the State Public Historical Library
^ a b "Moscow Airports". Go-Russia. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
^ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Plane". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2006-07-08. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ (Russian) Airport Myachkovo changed the owners
^ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2006-07-08. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
^ (Russian) "Московский метрополитен". Retrieved 2006-07-04.
^ See also: (Russian) [1] Realty news. Retrieved on 2006-07-22.
^ ""Москва-Сити" начинается строительство "Города столиц"" (in Russian). Lenta.ru. December 23, 2005. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
^ (Russian) http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2006/02/27_a_551381.shtml
^ (Russian)http://www.prime-realty.ru/cmi/c5/5.146..htm
^ "Plan of the Fourth Transport Road". Roads.ru. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
^ "Издательский дом "Коммерсантъ"". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Ъ-Санкт-Петербург – Девелопер на перепутье". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ Ольга Ъ-Сичкарь. "Ъ – Mirax Group проявила дар убеждения". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Ъ—ПИК построил меньше, а AFI Development получила убыток". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
^ "Advertising Information". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
^ "Twin Towns". www.amazingdusseldorf.com. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
^ "Sister Cities of Manila". 2008–2009 City Government of Manila. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
^ "Prague Partner Cities" (in Czech). 2009 Magistrát hl. m. Prahy. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
^ Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. . Retrieved on 2008-03-11
^ "Twinning Cities: International Relations" (PDF). Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
^ Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
^ "Cooperation Internationale" (in French). © 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 2005-05-04. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
[edit]External links

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Moscow Railway Museum Rizhsky Rail Terminal / Rizhskaya
Lenin's Funeral Train Museum at Paveletsky Rail Terminal
Moscow Russia Insider's Guide
[edit]Official sites
Moscow.ru – Official Moscow Site (Russian), (English), (Spanish), (German), (French), (Chinese)
Committee for Tourism of Moscow City Government
Official Moscow Administration Site (Russian)
Official Site of Moscow Subway (English), (Russian)
Main Moscow Russian Forum
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